Everything You Need to Know About a Dog’s Microbiome

The gut microbiome is something you’ll hear discussed a lot when it comes to human health — but also dog gut health.

But what do we know about dogs’ microbiome?

There’s plenty of research and discussion regarding how various foods affect dogs’ microbiomes and how that microbiome, in turn, affects the dog as a whole. 

What we do know is the microbiome is a complex ecosystem living inside your dog’s body, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are trillions of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other microbes within the gut. 

A healthy microbiome is balanced, with a diverse population of beneficial bacteria and other microbes that help keep harmful pathogens in check. If a dog’s microbiome gets off-track, though, it can affect their digestion, immune function, and even their behavior.

To learn more about dogs’ microbiomes and how their diet can affect their digestive system, we spoke to Dr. Renee Streeter, a Veterinary Nutritionist working with 5-star-rated dog food PetPlate.

How Does a Dog’s Microbiome Affect Their Health?

“The microbiome is more than just gut bacteria—it’s a dynamic ecosystem that influences a dog’s entire health,” says Dr. Streeter. 

“From improving nutrient absorption to supporting their immune defense, keeping this balance is critical. For dogs with digestive sensitivities or immune challenges, focusing on microbiome health can make a noticeable difference.”

To start, let’s look at three nutrient categories that affect a dog’s microbiome health: prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. 

1. Probiotics “These are naturally occurring beneficial live bacteria,” says Dr. Streeter. “They aid in digestion and produce essential vitamins. Probiotics can support the immune system by stopping harmful bacteria from taking over in the gut.”
   
2. Prebiotics “These are classified as non-digestible fibers that serve as ‘food’ for probiotics, fueling the growth and activity of the beneficial bacteria in the gut. By feeding the good bacteria, prebiotics help probiotics multiply and thrive, which then helps to keep harmful bacteria at bay.” 

3. Postbiotics “These are bioactive compounds, including short-chain fatty acids, enzymes, and peptides, produced by probiotics during the fermentation process. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics are not live organisms but are still helpful in maintaining a healthy gut. They can help promote a healthy gut microbiome that enhances the gut barrier, which in turn can help improve immune-boosting effects. In addition, a healthier gut microbiome will produce more antioxidants.” 

Dr. Streeter says that adding prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to your dog’s diet provides a three-part support system. 

“It’s not just about maintaining gut health; it’s about strengthening the immune system, reducing inflammation, and even improving skin and coat health. Each plays a unique role, and together, they help dogs thrive in ways that are often overlooked.”

How to Support Your Dog’s Microbiome

1. Provide Fiber in Your Dog’s Diet
   “A diet for your dog that’s rich in fiber, like vegetables and whole grains, can help provide the prebiotics to nourish the beneficial bacteria in the gut,” says Dr. Streeter.
   
2. Include Probiotics in Your Dog’s Diet
   “Adding dog-specific probiotics to your dog’s diet can help replenish and maintain healthy levels of beneficial bacteria in the gut.”
   
3. Consider Postbiotics
   While less well-known, postbiotics are just as important for your dog’s health as probiotics and prebiotics. “Postbiotics can be included in your dog’s diet through specially formulated foods and supplements but, just like with probiotics, make sure you use ones specifically designed for dogs.” 
   
4. Avoid Overusing Antibiotics
   Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of a dog’s microbiome by killing both harmful and beneficial bacteria. “While antibiotics are sometimes necessary, it’s important to use them only when prescribed by a veterinarian. Utilizing probiotics alongside antibiotics may help mitigate this imbalance.”
   

Your dog’s microbiome is a vital component of their overall health, influencing everything from digestion to immune function. By understanding the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics, you can take steps to support a healthy and balanced microbiome. 

Providing a nutritious diet and incorporating beneficial bacteria and their byproducts are important ways to ensure your dog’s microbiome — and, by extension, your dog — thrives.